Grammar for the first semester – English 9th

Nội dung text: Grammar for the first semester – English 9th

1. UNIT 2. CITY LIFE COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS (CÁC HÌNH THỨC SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ) 1. Short, Long and Special adjectives/ adverbs: (Tính từ/ Trạng từ dài, ngắn và đặc biệt) a/ Short adjectives: are adjectives with - one syllable (1 âm tiết): long , short, big, hot, fat - two syllables (2 âm tiết) with the endings: - y. E.g: happy, lazy, busy,  Short adverbs: are adverbs with one syllable: hard, late, soon, and the adverb “early” b/ Long adjectives: Two syllables up (Từ 2 âm tiết trở lên), and those ended with (tận cùng là) –ed. E.g: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless, complicated, bored * Note: Các tính từ có tận cùng là đuôi -er, -le, -ow, and -et, được xem như vừa ngắn vừa dài. E.g: clever, simple, narrow, quiet,  Long adverbs: are adverbs with two syllables up EXCEPT FOR early and badly c/ Special adjectives/ adverbs: are those whose comparative pattern are different from that of Short and Long adjectives/ adverbs. This group consists of: good, bad, well, ill, old, far (adj), and well, badly, far, little, much (adv) 2. Degrees of comparisons: 1. Equal degree  S1 + be/ V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux (trợ động từ) (So sánh bằng) E.g: He is as old as my father. He drives as carefully as I (do).  S + be/V + the same+( noun) as + noun (pronoun) My house is as high as yours My house is the same height as yours. * Notes:( Tinh tu va danh Adj Noun tu tuong ung) - heavy, light weight - wide, narrow width - deep, shallow depth - long, short length - big, small size - old age Unequal degree  S1 + V (phủ định) + as/so + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux (So sánh không E.g: He is not as/so old as my father. bằng) He doesn’t drive as/so carefully as I (do). 2. Comparatives  S1 + be/ V + adj/ adv (short) + er + than + S2 + aux (So sánh hơn) E.g: You are thinner than he (is). He runs faster than I (do).  S1 + be/V + more + adj/ adv (long) + than + S2 + aux E.g: He is more intelligent than I (am). He drives more carefully than I (do). 3. Superlatives  S + be/V + the + adj/ adv (short) + est + (noun + in/of ) (So sánh nhất) E.g: Nam is the tallest student in my class. Cheetah runs (the) fastest in the world.
2. Special adjectives/ adverbs: No Equal degree Comparative Superlative Meaning 1. bad/badly/ ill worse worst Tồi, dở, tệ, kém/ ốm yếu 2. good/ well better best Tốt, giỏi, khỏe 3. Many/much more most Nhiều 4. little less least Ít 5. far farther/ further farthest/ furthest Xa (distance) / Rộng (range) 6. old older/ elder oldest/ eldest Già, cũ (for all)/ (brother/ sister) E.g: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung. UNIT 3. TEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE REPORTED SPEECH. (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT) CÁC NGUYÊN TẮC CHUNG 1. Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuật Động từ tường thuật là động từ giới thiệu câu nói trực tiếp hay câu nói gián tiếp. Khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, động từ tường thuật được thay đổi tùy theo trường hợp cụ thể. Dưới đây là các động tường thuật dùng trong câu: Said → said that Said to sb→ told sb Ex: - He said, “I am twenty years old.” He said that he was twenty years old. - He said to me, “I work in a factory.” He told me that he worked in a factory. 2. Thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật: Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì quá khứ, chúng ta đổi thì trong câu gián tiếp như sau: Simple present (V(s/es)) Simple past (V2/ed ) Simple past (V2/ed) Past perfect ( had + V3/ed ) Simple future (will/ shall + V0 ) Future in the past ( would/ should + V0 ) Present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing) Past continuous (was/ were + V-ing ) Past continuous (was/were + V-ing) Past perfect continuous / past continuous Future continuous (will + be + V-ing) Future continuous in the past (would + be + V-ing) Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed) Past perfect (had + V3/ed) Past perfect (had + V3/ed) Past perfect (had + V3/ed) Future perfect (will + have + V3/ed) Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed) can could may might must had to Ex: He said, “I am a taxi driver.” He said that he was a taxi driver. He said, “I am living in London.” He said that he was living in London. He said, “I have visited many famous places.”
3. Tóm tắt Câu gián tiếp Statements * S + said + (that) + S + V (Câu phát biểu) * S + told + O + (that) + S + V He said, “I have just bought a computer today.” He said that he had just bought a computer that day. Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.” Linda told Bill that there was someone at the door. Commands * S + told/asked + O + to V(inf) (Câu mệnh lệnh) * S + told /asked+ O + not + to V0 • Dick said to Jim: “Please open the window.” • Dick told Jim to open the window. • Mother said, “Tim, go to bed early.” • Mother told Tim to go to bed early. • Father said to Liz: “Don’t come home late.” • Father told Liz not to come home late. • Mary angrily said: “Never smoke in my room.” • Mary told us not to smoke in her room. • “Would you turn on the radio, please?” She asked. • She asked me to turn on the radio. • “Could you lend me some money, please?” He asked. He asked me to lend him some money. Wh-questions * S + asked + (O) + wh- + S + V (Câu hỏi nội dung) * S + wondered + wh- + S + V * S + wanted to know + wh- + S + V He said to them, “Where are you going?” - He asked them where they were going. The teacher said, “When do you do your homework, Tom?” - The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework. The tourist said to me, “How often does the train get in?” - The tourist asked me how often the train got in. Yes-no questions * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V (Câu hỏi có không) * S + wondered + if /whether + S + V * S + wanted to know + if / whether + S + V He said to me, “Are you from Canada?” - He asked me if/whether I was from Canada. The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?” - The man asked her if/whether Bill had told her his address. The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?” - She asked David if/whether he lived near there.
4. “Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to hiss wife.  Tim offered to help his wife with the housework. 12. Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agreed to do sth. “OK, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Carl.  Carl agreed to take Sue to work in his car. III. CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ GERUND 1. Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of doing sth. “You damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan.  Suasan accused Dan of damaging her new laptop. 2. Tường thuật lời thú nhận: admitted doing/having done sth. “I didn’t tell you he truth, Ron,” said Kim.  Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth. 3. Tường thuật lời phủ nhận: denied doing/having done sth. “I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom.  Tom denided breaking /having broken that vase. 4. Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apolozied (to sb) for doing sth. “I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting,” said Amanda  Amanda apolozied for having kept me waiting. 5. Tường thuật lời khen: congratulated sb on doing sth. “Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal. The principal congratulated the students on winning the game. 6. Tường thuật lời nài nỉ, khăng khăng: insisted on doing sth. “I must pay for this damage,” the man said.  The man insisted on paying for that weekend. 7. Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggested doing sth. “Let’s have a picnic this weekend,” Maud suggested.  Maud suggested having a pinic that weekend. 8. Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for (doing sth). “Thank you very much for your advice,” he said.  He thanked me for my advise. 9. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb against (doing) sth. “Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer.  My lawyer warned me against investing int hat business. 10. Tường thuật lời đỗ lỗi: blamed sb for (doing) sth. “You are responsible for this failure,” said the director.  The director blamed his deputy for that failure. 11. Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confessed to (doing) sth. “It was me who stole the money,” said Jack.  Jack confessed to stealing the money. 12. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Exclamation in reported speech) - Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout Ex: He said, “What a lovely garden they have” He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden. - Các hình thức cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang gián tiếp bằng: He said that it was / hoặc He exclaimed that it was
5. UNIT 4. LIFE IN THE PAST I. USED TO: ĐÃ TỪNG * Use: nói về thói quen, hành động thường xuyên lặp đi lặp lại trong quá khứ nhưng giờ không còn nữa. Ex: When I was a child. I used to cry all days and nights. * Form: (+) S + used to + BARE-INF (-) S + didn’t use to + BARE-INF (?) Did + S + use to + BARE-INF? Ex: He used to play football when he was young My mother didn’t use to cook meals with a gas cooker Did he use to work in an office? * Lưu ý: USED TO = WOULD (đã thường) Ex: Mary used to walk to school when she was six = Mary would walk to school when she was six. II. BE/GET USED TO: QUEN VỚI, TRỞ NÊN THÍCH NGHI VỚI • Form: S + be used to/ get used to + V-ING/NOUN • BE USED TO: QUEN VỚI, THÍCH NGHI VỚI (=BE ACCUSTOMED TO) Ex: I am used to having dinner at 7.00 p.m • GET USED TO: TRỞ NÊN QUEN, THÍCH NGHI VỚI (=GET ACCUSTOMED TO) Ex: I got used to cooking our own food when we had to live alone. III. WISH SENTENCE: CÂU AO ƯỚC • Wishes for the present/future: điều ước ở hiện tại/tương lai * Form: S1 + wish/wishes + S2 + V2/Ved Be was/were Can could Ex: I wish she came here now I wish I was/ were you I wish you were sitting here by my side now. * S1 và S2 có thể là 1 người hoặc 2 người khác nhau * Use: nói lên một ao ước, một mong muốn trái với thực tế trong hiện tại UNIT 5. WONDERS OF VIETNAM I. THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE: DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG KHÔNG NGÔI Active form: S1 (People/ They) + reporting verb + that + S2 + V The impersonal passive form: It + BE + V3/Ved + that + S2 + V Use: Diễn đạt ý kiến của người khác. Thường được sử dụng với các reporting verbs (động từ tường thuật) như say, think, believe (tin rằng), know, hope, expect, report, understand, claim, Ex: People think that he is a great teacher It is thought that he is a great teacher. They say that she works in a factory It is said that she works in a factory They reported that two people had been injured It was reported that two people had been injured. * Lưu ý: Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang bị động phải dùng It is Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ thì khi đổi sang bị động phải dùng It was II. SUGGEST + V-ING/ CLAUSE WITH SHOULD: ĐỀ NGHỊ NÊN LÀM GÌ Form: S + suggest + V-ing S + suggest + (that) + S + (should) + bare-inf